459. The Self – How does self-understanding change from early childhood to middle/late childhood?

Define social comparison, perspective taking, self-esteem, self-concept.

What are some factors that influence self-esteem?

Explain the relationship between low self-esteem and depression, and high self esteem and happiness..

List and describe four ways children's self-esteem can be improved.

461. Industry versus Inferiority–Erik Erikson's fourth stage of the human life span. Describe this stage.

How can a sense of industry be encouraged? What contributes to a sense of inferiority?

461. Emotional Development – List important dev. changes in emotions during elementary school years.

Describe some of the methods used to help children cope with stress in their lives, including terrorist attacks or the threat of these attacks.

462-7. MORAL DEVELOPMENT –Describe the moral dilemma technique, based on moral reasoning, used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess moral development. Kohlberg believed that moral development occurs in stages and are age-related. Use Figure 14.1 on p. 464 to follow the basic sequence and progression of reasoning.

Compare the way people in stage 1 and stage 6 reason.

Define internalization.

466. How does Carol Gilligan explain and define the justice perspective and the care perspective as far as males and females are concerned.

467. Define prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, altruism. Why do people act in an altruistic manner?

468-74. GENDER –Define stereotypes. Define gender stereotypes. What are some of the personal characteristics and abilities that have been stereotypically attributed to males and females?

469. What are some of the actual physical, cognitive, & socioemotional similarities and differences

in males and females?

Define rapport talk and report talk. Who is more likely to use each?

472. Describe gender in context –how what is considered appropriate or inappropriate for males or females

in our country is not necessarily the same in other countries.

472. Define androgyny. Read through figure 14.4 & 14.5 The Bem Sex-Role Inventory and Gender-Role Classification to determine if an individual is considered androgynous, feminine, masculine, or undifferentiated according to 60 characteristics (with only 10 shown here.)

Which of these characteristics have been considered primarily masculine? feminine?

What is the "boy code"?

What is a special concern involving adolescent boys who adopt a strong masculine role

(only traditionally "masculine" characteristics)?

474-8. PARENT-CHILD ISSUES & SOCIETAL CHANGES IN FAMILIES

Tell how parent-child interactions (including time together, issues of concern, discipline) change as children move from early childhood to middle and late childhood.

Define coregulation and describe the coregulation process.

475. Societal Changes in Families

475-7. Discuss frequently encountered problems in stepfamilies

and strategies for building a strong, positive stepfamily.

476-7. Define latchkey children. Discuss problems experienced by many of these children.

Describe successful after-school care programs.

477-8. According to research, how does growing up with Gay and Lesbian Parents affect the popularity, mental adjustment, and sexuality of the children?

478-81. PEER RELATIONSHIPS

Friends–List and describe the six functions of friendships.

479. Peer Statuses:

Define popular children, average children, neglected children, rejected children, controversial children.

Describe how neglected and rejected children can be trained to interact more effectively with their peers.

480. Bullying

Describe some characteristics of some victims of bullies, and long-term problems for the victims.

Describe some characteristics of some bullies, and long-term problems for the bullies

Describe some characteristics of the parents and their parenting styles for both bullies and victims..

List some ways teachers can help reduce bullying.

481-7. SCHOOLS

Define direct instruction approach, cognitive constructivist approach, & social constructivist approach

to teaching/learning.

Learner-center principles are applied in a constructivist approach that puts the learner, not the teacher, at the center of the education process.

483. Figure 14.7 Learner-Centered Psychological Principles. Be familiar with the cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, instructional, developmental, social, and individual factors involved.

484. Describe an ideal elementary school program that uses integrated learning in a school bus activity.

484-7. Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity.

How does living in a low SES (socioeconomic status) environment affect children's education?

How does ethnicity affect school experiences.

486. What are some strategies that Santrock recommends for improving relations between ethnically

diverse students?

CHAPTER 15***PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE (Santrock 8th)

497-500. THE NATURE OF ADOLESCENCE

Discuss G. Stanley Hall’s storm-and-stress view from the early 1900's.

Hall said that adolescents oscillate (swing back and forth) between what qualities and moods?

How is Hall’s view viewed today?

What is the inventionist view?

How do the majority of today’s youth get through adolescence?

What problems are faced by today’s youth?

500-8. PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PUBERTY

Define.puberty.

What are some of the factors that may trigger menarche?

Hormones–Define hormones, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, gonadotropin,

androgens, testosterone, estrogens, estradiol, adrenal gland, thyroid gland.

501. Figure 15.1 The Major Endocrine Glands Involved in Pubertal Change

Know the location in the body of these glands.

Describe how these work together in the changes of puberty.

502. Define adrenarche, gonadarche, spermarche, menarche.

When does menarche begin in girls, and spermarche begin in boys?

During what part of puberty does it occur?

What is the relationship between body weight, body fat, and puberty and menarche?

Define amenorrheic.

503. What is the mean, or average age, for the beginning of the growth spurt for boys and for girls?

Review the physical changes in boys and girls, including the

pubertal stages of male and female sexual development.

504. Normal puberty may begin for boys between 10 and 13 1/2 years of age and end between 13 and 17 years.

Normal menarche may occur between 9 and 15 years of age.

505. Psychological Dimensions

Why do some girls become dissatisfied with their changing bodies, while boys tend to become more satisfied?

506. In general, who has the more positive feelings about themselves,

early-, average-, or late-maturing girls?......early-, average-, or late-maturing boys?

508-18. DIMENSIONS OF ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY

Where, how, and how much is sex portrayed in the media?

509. What is involved in developing a sexual identity?

510. What is the current profile of the sexual activity of adolescents, according to Guttmacher?

Which groups of adolescents are the most sexually active?

511. Why are some individuals heterosexual and others homosexual?

512. What are some trends in contraceptive use by youth?

A sexually active adolescent who does not use contraception has a ___% chance of pregnancy within one year.

513-4. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s) [These are also know as STD’s – Diseases.] Define.

How are STI’s contracted?

Think about it: Why does education about prevention of pregnancy and STI’s have little effect on many teens?

Study all information given about gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, and HIV/AIDS.

AIDS–What is AIDS? What is HIV?

Study figure 15.7 Sexually Transmitted Infections – STI, Description/Cause, Incidence, Treatment

514-8. What factors affect the adolescent pregnancy rate–both increases and decreases?

Why are U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates so high compared to other developed countries?

516. List and discuss negative consequences of adolescent pregnancies and births,

both to the young mothers and to their children.

517. Tell some recommendations for reducing the high rate of adolescent pregnancy.

518. Sexual abstinence is briefly mentioned. Do a little internet research on the topic–programs available for youth in some schools, youth centers, and churches. Bring to class if you’re in an on-campus class.

519-31. ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS AND HEALTH

Describe risk factors for problems in childhood and adolescence.

Know 40 developmental assets believed to help adolescents to achieve positive outcomes in their lives, and even overcome risk factors.

(according to the Search Institute in Minneapolis.)

520-4. Substance Use and Abuse–Which drugs are used by many teens?

What are the club drugs? What are the dangers of Ecstasy?

521-2. Discuss the use of alcohol by adolescents in our society.

Discuss negative consequences of alcohol use by teens.

Remember that alcohol is a teratogen, and that pregnant girls/women who drink alcohol during pregnancy risk having a baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).

523-4. Why do you think so many teens smoke cigarettes?

What health damage is caused by smoking?

How do parents and peers influence whether kids smoke or not?

524. How does the use of drugs affect coping skills?

524-7. Eating Disorders–Know definitions, symptoms, causes and results of obesity, anorexia nervosa, & bulimia nervosa. Add binge eating disorder (BED) to the list. This is also called compulsive overeating, connected with obesity. We’ll talk about this in the on-campus classes. Web students can do a little online research.

527-8. In what ways do U.S. adolescents compare unfavorably with teens in other countries?

What are the two main goals that health experts believe are necessary to improve the health of teens?

529-30. What are the chief barriers to better health services for adolescents?

530-1. List the three leading causes of death in adolescence.

CHAPTER 16***COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE (Santrock 8th)

538-46. HOW ADOLESCENTS THINK AND PROCESS INFORMATION

539. Piaget's Theory–Describe and list characteristics of Formal Operational Thought,

Jean Piaget's stage of cognitive development that occurs during adolescence.

540. Define hypothetical-deductive reasoning and give examples.

Describe the "halving" strategy for the 20 questions game.

541. Adolescent Egocentrism–Define. Also define and give examples of Dr. David Elkind's

two types of adolescent egocentrism: imaginary audience and personal fable.

542. Information Processing–Briefly describe improvements in memory, decision making, critical thinking, and self-regulatory learning. What are typical decisions that adolescents need to make?

How can decision-making skills be improved?

547-53. VALUES, MORAL EDUCATION, AND RELIGION

Values–Define. How have the life goals of college freshman changed over the last 20 years?

Describe service learning. How do these experiences benefit students?

549. Moral Education–Define John Dewey's concept of a "hidden curriculum."

Describe character education.

550. Define Values Clarification and give an example of a v.c. exercise. What do critics say about it?

Define cognitive moral education.

550-3 RELIGION–What source is the most influential on our religious beliefs?

Discuss positive benefits of religion.

551. Tell how Erik Erikson saw the search for religious identity.

What questions do adolescents ask themselves, particularly in regard to religion?

552. How does religion affect sexual activity and thoughts and feelings about sexual activity?

553-9. SCHOOLS FOR ADOLESCENTS

Do you think the major goal(s) of schooling for adolescents should be job training, training for knowledge and intellectual skills, back-to-basics, sports, life skills, or social activities? Be able to defend your choices.

554. Give several the transition to middle school or junior high school is often stressful.

555. Define top-dog phenomenon.

Describe the Effective Schools for Young Adolescents that Joan Lipsitz studied.

Know the recommendations of the 1989 Carnegie Corporation report for improving middle schools.

556. Tell suggestions for ways that high schools can help students develop basic skills that many companies look for when hiring. What are these basic skills?

557-9 High School Dropouts–What are some reasons for dropping out?...for males? for females?

What groups of adolescents are at a higher risk for dropping out?

What are some approaches suggested by the William T. Grant Foundation Commission (1988)

that could help reduce the dropout rate?

560-8. CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND WORK

Explain Ginzberg’s developmental career choice stages of fantasy, tentative, and realistic.

Describe Holland's Personality-Type Theory and the six basic personality types:

Go to http://jobs.esc.state.nc.us/soicc/planning/jh_types.htm for a list of these personality types with suggested appropriate work environments, occupations and college majors.

Go to http://www.thebeehive.org/jobs/careercoach/imagine/profiler/default.asp for a free career interest inventory. It takes 15-30 minutes to complete.

562. Sociocultural Influences–Describe how SES (socioeconomic status), parents and peers,

schools, and gender roles influence career development.

566-8. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of part-time work in adolescence.

CHAPTER 17**SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEV. IN ADOLESCENCE (Santrock 8th)

576-84. EMOTIONAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Describe the emotionality of teenagers. Discuss the influences and factors involved (nature and nurture).

577-8. Self-Esteem. Define. Describe the fluctuations of self-esteem across the lifespan.

578-9. Identity

Discuss Erik Erikson's 5^th stage of his eight life cycle stages – his comprehensive theory

of identity development during adolescence–identity vs. identity confusion.

Describe the ten "pieces of identity" listed here.

Contemporary views of identity formation–Describe the process--what it is, when and how it happens.

579-81. Identity Statuses and Development

Describe James Marcia’s theory. Define crisis [newer term is exploration], commitment, identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identify achievement.

581. Family Influences on Identity–Define individuality and connectedness and explain why their presence in the family atmosphere is important in the adolescent's identity development.

Describe how Erikson said that culture and ethnic aspects affect adolescent identity development.

582. Describe gender differences in intimacy and identity formation. Why might identity exploration be more complex for females than for males?

583-4. List and describe the big five factors of personality. Remember the acronym OCEAN. Some of these traits remain stable and some change over the years. How is personality different in various contexts?

584-8. PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS

How do parents and adolescents differ in their view of the adolescents’ push for autonomy and responsibility?

Describe gender differences in granting independence.

Explain how the nature of parent-adolescent conflict changes from early adolescence to late adolescence.

What topics do many parents and adolescents disagree on?

One in five families experience a high degree of conflict in parent-adolescent relationships.

What topics are associated with these intense conflicts?

How can parents promote competent adolescent development?

588-96. PEER RELATIONSHIPS

589-90. According to Harry Stack Sullivan, what needs are met by teen friendships?

How does the lack of friendships affect teens?

Why are parents concerned when their teens form friendships with younger or older people?

590. Peer Groups. Describe how conformity to peer pressure can be positive or negative.

Define cliques and crowds. What kind of crowds are found in most schools?

How does this crowd membership affect self-esteem?

592-6. Dating and Romantic Relationships

What needs are met by dating, from early teen years to later teen years?

What are some positive and negative emotions experienced by dating teens?

Define cyberdating. What cautions are needed?

594. What are some myths about sexual minority youth?

What are some concerns that adults have about teens dating?

595. Dating scripts: male scripts, females scripts

596-602. CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

Define cross-cultural studies

598. What is a rite of passage, and what is the closest thing to a culturewide rite of passage that

U.S adolescents have?

599. What is the double disadvantage experienced by many ethnic minority adolescents?

What kinds of questions can adolescents ask themselves in order to consider the perspective of

individuals from ethnic and cultural groups that are different from their own?

In what ways can members of an ethnic minority group be diverse (different from each other)?

602-9. SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENCE

Juvenile Delinquency–Define.

What are some of the antecedents/ predictors/causes/high risk factors?

What did Erikson say caused delinquency?

604. Be familiar with figure 17.9 Antecedents [conditions or causes] of Delinquency.

605-6. List factors that contribute to youth violence, and factors that help decrease youth violence.

606-8. Depression and Suicide – Describe the connection between the two.

Explain gender differences in depression, suicide attempts and completions.

What are some risk factors that contribute to adolescent depression?

Tell additional factors associated with adolescent suicide.

List major adolescent problems and describe how many of them are interrelated.

Describe common components of successful programs to prevent or reduce adolescent problems.