139-47. WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE BIRTH PROCESS?

Describe each of the three stages of birth.

Tell how each stage begins, what happens during it, how each one ends, and how long they can last.

Know that the cervix needs to dilate to 10 centimeters, or 4 inches, before the baby moves from uterus

to the birth canal. Define afterbirth.

Delivery complications: anoxia, What is it, what causes it, what can result from it?

What enables the baby to withstand the stress of birth? Define vernix caseosa.

140-1. Describe birthing center, midwife, doula.

142-7. Describe each of these Methods of Delivery and tell pros and cons:

1) medicated. Describe the three basic kinds of drugs used–analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics.

3) cesarean delivery. List several reasons why these may be performed. Tell pros and cons.

What percentage of U.S. births in the 1990's were by c-section? The U.S. percentage declined to 21% in 1996.

What country performs the most c-sections?

breech position. What happens? What damage can result to the baby?

transverse position means the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus.

Normal delivery position of a baby is called vertex, meaning top of the head first.

A precipitate delivery is a delivery that takes place too rapidly. The baby takes less than 10 minutes to be squeezed through the birth canal. This deviation in delivery can disturb the infant’s normal flow of blood, and the pressure on the infant’s head can cause hemorrhaging.

144. Describe the role of fathers in childbirth. What are some typical responses of siblings to their mothers' pregnancies, deliveries, and new babies? How can siblings be prepared for the new baby?

147-51. HOW DO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS DEVELOP?

Full-term infants are born 38 to 42 weeks after conception.

Preterm infants are born at 35 or less weeks after conception, at least 3 weeks early.

Low-birthweight infants weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth.

Very low birth weight infants weigh 2 to 3 pounds at birth.

Extremely low birth weight infants weigh under 2 pounds.

Low birthweight infants may be preterm, or they may be small for their date of birth (or small for gestational age.)

What are some causes of low birthweight in SMF infants (small for date)?

What are some common causes for a preterm (or premature) birth in both developed and developing countries?

In developed countries (such as the USA), what is the leading cause of low birth weight?

"Kilogram kids" weigh less than 2.3 pounds at birth.

What problems do small &/or early babies experience? Their treatment can cost several $100,000's or a million $.

[Neonate means "newborn".]

What factors determine the amount of stimulation that preterm infants should receive?

Know the benefits of massage and exercise for preterm and other infants.

Define kangaroo care and describe the benefits for babies and mothers.

151-3. Measures of neonatal health and responsiveness.

Apgar scale. When is it given? What five characteristics does it measure?

What is a perfect score? What is a score for a stillborn baby? What does a very low score mean?

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale--When is it given? What three major categories of behavior does it assess? Become familiar with the 27 categories of the scale. [You don't have to memorize these.]

154. Describe the postpartum period [after the birth] or fourth trimester. What physical, emotional, and psychological adjustments does the mother face, and what changes must the father and siblings make? Involution.

List symptoms of serious postpartum depression that may require professional counseling & possible medication.

157. What measures can help fathers adjust to changes in the family?

Bonding--what is it? what contributes to it? is there a critical period for it?

______________________

169-81. HOW DO INFANTS GROW AND DEVELOP PHYSICALLY?

169,70. Describe cephalocaudal pattern of development and proximodistal pattern of development.

Be able to recognized examples of each.

170. What is the normal weight range of newborn infants, and how much does their weight increase during the first year of life? What is the normal length range of newborn infants, and how much does it increase the first year? Be able to compute this, given the birth wt. and length of a baby. During which year of life is the rate of growth the fastest?

170. Brain Development: Describe how the brain is increasing in size and complexity with the spreading of the dendrites providing increasing "connectedness" between the neurons, or nerve cells.

Know the names of the parts of the neuron and what each part does – cell body, dendrite, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, synapse. Describe myelination. Describe myelination and pruning of synapses.

172-5. Know the names of the major parts of the brain and their main functions –

the forebrain consists of several structures including the cerebral cortex, which is divided into four lobes: the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe.

Define brain hemispheres, lateralization.

Tell how early experience affects brain development. What happens to institutionalized children who are deprived of sensory stimulation (including human interaction)?

How do nature and nurture work together on brain development?

How can a person function with half of the cortex removed?

175. How many hours per day does the average infant sleep? What happens during REM sleep?

What percentage of newborn sleep is REM sleep? What percentage of adult sleep is REM sleep?

176. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). What is it? Which infants are at particular risk?

How common is it? What steps can caregivers take to reduce the risk of SIDS?

177-80. Nutrition: Explain how health-conscious parents can unwittingly harm their babies by feeding them a diet much like the parents’ own diet.

Breast- versus bottle-feeding. Compare and contrast the pros and cons of both methods of feeding. List benefits of breast feeding. How can a woman continue to breast feed even when working outside the home?

Why are women in poor countries being encouraged to breast feed more than ever?

179,80. Malnutrition in infancy – two disorders resulting are marasmus and kwashiorkor–define.

List symptoms and characteristics. What are some of the major causes? How do they affect children?

How can they be treated? ...prevented?

180. Toilet Training – at what age are the majority of North American children toilet trained?

What two factors or conditions must be present in a child for successful training to take place?

Why do some parents begin toilet training at 20 - 24 months? 2

181. Health

Immunization –Be familiar with the recommended immunization schedule for normal infants & children.

Accident Prevention: Know the many types of accidents that children may have, and how they can be prevented. What is the leading cause of fatal injury in children under 1 year of age? over 1 year of age?

Where and how do most poisonings occur? What age group has the most poisonings, and why?

What one item causes more choking deaths than any other?

182-90. HOW DO INFANTS DEVELOP MOTOR SKILLS?

Describe the dynamic systems theory.

List the reflexes that infants are born with, the stimulation that causes it, and the infant’s response; which ones are needed for survival. examples--rooting, sucking, Moro, grasping, Babinski.

Define gross motor skills and fine motor skills.

187. See figure 6.15 for developmental milestones in gross motor development. Write on the chart that the average age for a child to crawl is 6-7 months. The average age to walk alone is 12 months.

189. See figure 6.9 for development of fine motor skills. Compare your lab child's developmental milestones

[as provided by parents in the Developmental Questionnaire at the OC Children’s Center] and your own observations with these charts. Notice that there is a wide range of "normal" ages for various skills.

190-201. HOW CAN INFANTS’ SENSORY & PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT BE CHARACTERIZED?

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

How does the behavior of an infant sucking on a pacifier help researchers?

Visual perception: visual acuity (sharpness) and color--How well can newborns see?

When do infants’ achieve vision similar to adults’?

Visual preferences–When placed in Robert Fantz’s "looking chamber",

what types of material did infants prefer to look at?

The orienting response [not in this text] refers to an infant focusing on, & paying attention to, something novel

[new &/or interesting] that can be perceived by any of the five senses. This stimulus could be a moving object, a picture, a sound, a touch, a taste, or something that is smelled. These responses are shown by measuring an infant's respiration rate & heart rate; sucking behavior on a pacifier – starting, stopping, rate of sucking; tracking or visual fixation; and by measuring the amount of time the infant pays attention to the stimulus.

When the infant shows the orienting response, it means he/she is learning something.

Define habituation and dishabituation. What are some measures researchers use to study whether habituation is occurring. What do these terms mean in terms of development and learning?

What does the Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff study measure?

Describe the The Cat in the Hat experiment and its results.

When can infants begin to hear?

What does research concerning pain and circumcision conclude?

When do infants begin to smell and taste? How do we know?

Define intermodal perception.

______________________

208. What is the main method used by Piaget to study infant cognition?

209-15. WHAT IS PIAGET'S THEORY OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT

How is the child's cognitive functioning in each stage different from the last?

Define schemes, assimilation, accommodation.

210-15. Sensorimotor Development Stage and Substages--birth to 2 years. Where does this stage name come from? In which substage does the infant coordinate sensation and action through behaviors such as sucking and rooting?

In the "coordination of secondary circular reactions" substage, what does intentionality mean? Give examples. 213. Define and explain object permanence.

215-18. HOW DO INFANTS LEARN AND REMEMBER?:

Conditioning. Explain how operant conditioning plays a role in producing change in an infant’s behavior,

and also how it helps researchers determine what infants perceive.

216. Attention. Define.

The orienting response [not in this text] refers to an infant focusing on, & paying attention to, something novel

[new &/or interesting] that can be perceived by any of the five senses. This stimulus could be a moving object, a picture, a sound, a touch, a taste, or something that is smelled. These responses are shown by measuring an infant's respiration rate & heart rate, and by measuring the amount of time the infant pays attention to the stimulus.

When the infant shows the orienting response, it means he/she is learning something.

Define habituation and dishabituation. What are some measures researchers use to study whether habituation is occurring. What do these terms mean in terms of development and learning?

How can parents and teachers make use of this information?

Describe how the use of a crib mobile can help test the memory of an infant.

What types of actions can young infants imitate? Define deferred imitation.

217-8. Memory -- define. Define implicit memory, explicit memory, infantile (or childhood) amnesia.

Why do researchers think older children and adults have trouble remembering events from infancy or early childhood?

218. HOW ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INFANT INTELLIGENCE ASSESSED?

Describe Arnold Gesell’s developmental quotient (DQ) and the four categories of behavior assessed.

Who developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development? What three components are used in it?

Tell some of the assessments made in Bayley’s mental scale.

219. Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence – What does it look for?

Tell some ways that tests of infant intelligence are valuable.

220. Describe some of the job duties performed by an infant assessment specialist.

221-3. EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON INFANT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Nutrition–Give two reasons good nutrition in infancy are important.

222-3. Poverty–Early intervention programs for infants living in poverty have the most positive developmental outcomes when what four things happen?

223-36. HOW DO INFANTS DEVELOP LANGUAGE?

223,231 & 232. Define feral children.

What have researchers learned about children’s language development through studying feral children?

Define language, infinite generativity,

226. How Language Develops in Infancy

Discuss the sequence of babies’ sounds and gestures during the first year.

What is the average age for a baby’s first word? Be familiar with typical first words of children.

Two-word utterances (be familiar with typical ones) occur at what age? What is telegraphic speech?

228,9. Define active, spoken or productive vocabulary,

and define passive, receptive, understanding, comprehension vocabulary. Which is the most extensive?

230. Be familiar with figure 7.11 "Some Language Milestones in Infancy."

230. Biological Influences on language. What is the strongest evidence for the biological basis of language?

Define aphasia.

Where is Broca’s area located, and what role does it play in language?

Where is Wernicke’s area, and what role does it play in language?

231. Biological Prewiring. Define language acquisition device (LAD) and tell whose theory it is.

231,2 (& 223). What do studies of feral children tell us about a critical period for learning language.

What is a critical period?

233. Behavioral and environmental influences on language.

How does the quantity of talk from the mother affect a child’s vocabulary?

Define child-directed speech.

Define other strategies adults use to enhance the child's acquisition of language such as recasting, expanding, and labeling. What is a rich verbal environment?

236. Know several recommendations that linguist [a language expert] Naomi Baron gives for parents and

other caregivers to promote their infants’ and toddlers’ language development.

_______________________

CHPT 8 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Child Psych, Santrock 8^th FA 04

244-54. HOW DO EMOTIONS AND PERSONALITY DEVELOP IN INFANCY?.

Define emotion (Emotions are also called "affect.")

What are some of the positive emotions? ...negative emotions?

What are some of the biological foundations of emotion?

How do caregivers influence infant emotions?

What are some functions of emotion?

Describe how emotions influence the parent-child interaction.

246. Be familiar with figure 8.1 "The First Appearance of Different Emotions." (primary and self-conscious)

What purpose does an infant’s crying serve? Name and describe the three types of cries.

247. Note the "Expression of Different Emotions in Infants."

What do Mary Ainsworth, John Bowlby, and most developmentalists think the response of caregivers to infant crying should be, and why?

248. Define reflexive smile and social smile. When do these appear?

Define stranger anxiety and separation protest. When do they occur?

What factors make the infant more comfortable or less comfortable with strangers?

Describe social referencing.

249. Give examples of emotional regulation, coping strategies, both self-soothing and caregiver-assisted.

Define Temperament. Describe an easy child, a difficult child, and a slow-to-warm-up child.

252. List several good strategies caregivers can use in response to their children’s temperament.

252. Personality Development: Describe Erik Erikson’s Trust versus Mistrust stage of development.

253. How do infants get a self? Describe the use of the mirror technique in determining visual self-recognition. 253. Independence–Describe Margaret Mahler’s separation-individuation process in the second year of life. Explain Erik Erikson’s Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt stage of development in the second year.

How can parents treat their toddlers to encourage independence without letting them rule the family?

256-9. HOW DOES ATTACHMENT DEVELOP IN INFANCY? What is it? Freud thought that infants became attached to their mothers simply because mothers were more likely to provide food. What did the 1959 classic study of monkeys by Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman indicate was the most important (crucial) element in the attachment process? Describe their study of infant monkeys and their surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth.

Describe the connection between Erikson’s trust versus mistrust stage and his theory of attachment.

Describe John Bowlby’s theory of attachment.

How is an infant biologically equipped with behaviors that can increase its chances of survival?

Be familiar with Bowlby’s four phases of the formation of attachment

256. Mary Ainsworth’s attachment theory. Why is a secure attachment important later in life? Be able to list and describe the types of attachment and recognize examples of each from a description of a child’s behavior.

Secure attachment; and three kinds of insecure attachment–

insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized/disoriented.

Describe the Ainsworth Strange Situation and how it is used to assess whether infants are securely or insecurely attached to their caregiver.

260-66. SOCIAL CONTEXTS INFLUENCE SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

Transition to Parenthood: How does becoming a parent change the lives of individuals/couples? Define reciprocal socialization. Define scaffolding and tell some of the games that teach social rules to infants.

261. Family Social System/subsystems. How do these work?

What is the connection between the marital relationship and the parent-child relationship?

Some studies indicate that, on the average, women are doing two to three times more family work than men.

Do you think that today’s fathers are more involved with care of their children than their own fathers were?

How do the activities that fathers engage in with children compare to those of mothers?

262. Child Care

List 15 characteristics of high-quality day care.

List 10 qualities of good caregivers.

What are the effects on children of high-quality day care?....of low-quality day care?

What should parents look for when choosing day care?

Where can parents in West Texas find day care?

_______________________

276-81. HOW DOES A YOUNG CHILD’S BODY GROW AND CHANGE?

Height and Weight–

Describe how the proportions of children’s bodies and heads change from 2 to 6 years of age.

What determines height of children? Why are some children unusually short?

How are children with congenital growth problems (genetic or prenatal factors) treated?

278-81, 170. The Brain. Which body parts grow most rapidly during early childhood?

Nerve cells are called __________. They communicate with each other through chemical substances called

___________ . An example of one of these chemical substances is ___________.These chemical substances carry information across gaps (called ______________) between the ________________.

Define myelination. How does it affect the abilities of preschoolers?

Which part of the brain shows extensive development from 3 to 6 years of age and is believed to play important roles in attention and working memory?

Vision. Define functional amblyopia. and strabismus. Describe possible treatments.

List signs of vision problems indicating that a child should be examined by an ophthalmologist.

281-87. HOW DO YOUNG CHILDREN’S MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP? Define gross motor skills.

Figure 9.4 Which skills are typical in early childhood–at age 3? age 4? age 5?

At what age do children show the highest activity level? What do they need each day at home and school?

Describe activities for a developmentally appropriate movement curriculum.

283. fine motor skills--Define and describe skills typical of early childhood. See p. 284 figure 9.5

Denver Developmental Screening Test--what types of skills does it evaluate? what ages?

284. Young Children’s Artistic Drawings-- What type of development permits children to become

little artists? List and describe the 5 stages of children's artistic drawings, according to Rhonda Kellogg.

Tell several ways that art is beneficial to children.

287. What are some typical strengths and weaknesses of left-handed people?

Define transitional objects–types and purpose. Is the use of these objects normal?

Sleep problems. Define nightmares, night terrors, somnambulism, and sleeptalking.

How should caregivers deal with these?

289-92. Nutrition. Define basal metabolism rate (BMR).

What strategy in a research study was effective in getting children to eat and like previously disliked vegetables?

Be familiar with daily eating routines for 3's, 4's, 5's.

What is the American Heart Association's recommendation for daily percentage of calories from fat?

Why are fast foods criticized?

How can being overweight be a serious problem in early childhood?

Discuss prevention of obesity in children. What additional problems does obesity cause?

Discuss strategies for developing good eating habits in toddlers and preschoolers.

Name a major cause of chronic fatigue in preschoolers. How can it be improved?

What is WIC?

293-7. Health, Safety, and Illness.

Why are children at such great risk for unintentional injury?

What is the most common cause of fatal accidents in children 1 - 4 years of age?

List other frequent causes of accidental & intentional death for children this age.

Know many ways to prevent unintentional injuries in young children.

How does poverty place the health of millions of U.S. preschool children at risk?

Discuss in detail the many health risks for children who are exposed to tobacco smoke (passive smoking).

296. The State of Illness and Health in the World’s Children-- As many as 11 million children have

died in some years in developing countries around the world (250,000 per week).

What are the several of the main causes of death and child malnutrition in the WORLD? (not just the U.S.) What is the leading cause of these deaths? How can these deaths be prevented?

ORT stands for Oral Rehydration Therapy. It is a treatment for dehydration that is often due to diarrhea.

In the U.S., we can go to the store and buy Pedialyte or other brands to help treat the problem.

(An effective homemade treatment for diarrhea that has been used in Bangladesh and other countries

is a mixture of water, salt, and molasses to replace fluids and electrolytes).

What relatively new disease has killed huge numbers of children (and their parents) in the last decade?

Look carefully at the children in the picture on p. 297. We have to find ways to help children all over the world.