Read and study carefully ALL the material in chapters 1-4. This is information that you are

expected to know when you complete Child Psychology at Odessa College. Studying only the material

from this review sheet will not give you the broad, deep understanding of the subject that you need.

Using this review sheet, locate the following topics in your text. Many terms, concepts, definitions, theories, etc., are listed. Be able to define, explain, and apply this knowledge to examples that are given on the test. This requires a thorough understanding of the topics involved. Page numbers are given where possible.

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12. Define gender and sex.

Define social policy. Give examples of social policies that were designed to help children.

13. Be familiar with the Declaration of Children's Rights.

15-6. original sin view, tabula rasa view, innate goodness view--describe each of these philosophies concerning children and tell whose view each was.

19-20. Development: biological/cognitive/socioemotional processes. Be able to recognize examples of each.

Give periods of child development and approximate ages for each.

21. nature-nurture issue ["Nature" means the same thing as heredity, biology, genetics, maturation.

"Nurture" means the same thing as experience, environment or context, learning.]

24. Describe the interactionist view of development.

24-30. Be familiar with the many career options related to children's development–the education and training required, and the job requirements. How do child psychologists differ from child psychiatrists?

From entire chapter: How can knowledge of child psychology & child development help YOU?

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38. Read the personal information about Erikson and Piaget.

39. What determines what is a science?

Why is research on child development important?

39-41. Define the scientific method. List and describe each of the steps of the scientific method in order. Define theory & hypothesis.

42-56. All the information given about Theories of Child Development is important. (Notice the comparison tables on 47 & 55.)

42-3. There will be several test Q's on SIGMUND FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:

Go online to http://allpsych.com/psychology101/defenses.html Define defense mechanisms; define those listed here.

Go online to http://allpsych.com/psychology101/social_development.html Define erogenous zones.

43-5. List & describe in detail ERIK ERIKSON'S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES, in order; give ages. [The first paragraph under "Erikson's Psychosocial Theory", p. 43-4, is extremely important.] [Remember that "autonomy" is the same as independence or will. "Initiative" is the same as responsibility. "Industry" means mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.]

45-7. List & describe in detail JEAN PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, and give ages for each stage. Define assimilation, accommodation. Operations means " logical thoughts", or internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously did physically.

47-8. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory. How do social and cultural activities affect child development? How is knowledge situated and collaborative? How can more-skilled adults and peers help?

48. Define & describe INFORMATION PROCESSING and the steps involved.

49-50. Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories

What do behaviorists believe?

Describe Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s principle of classical conditioning (1927).

Describe B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning.

Describe Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory.

According to behaviorists, why do children behave the way they do?

50-2. Define ethology, imprinting, critical period. Describe Konrad Lorenz’s work with greylag geese.

Is there a sensitive or critical period for human babies/parents?

52-3. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory: What is the microsystem?

53-5. Eclectic theoretical orientation.

56-62. Describe research methods used to study children: observation (laboratory and naturalistic); surveys/interviews and questionnaires; psychophysiological measures; standardized tests; case study.

60-1. Research Designs: descriptive research; Correlational research [does not prove cause & effect, only the strength of a relationship]; experimental research [shows cause & effect ], Define random assignment, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group;

62. Time-Span of Research: cross-sectional approach, longitudinal approach.

62-5. Research Journals – describe them. Name some specializing in the field of child development.

65-7. Know code of ethics for research with children. Why do gender, ethnicity & culture need to be considered in research?

69-71. Tell why we need to be cautious about our reaction to what is reported in the media.

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80. Tell why behavior geneticists like to study twins.

Describe the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.

81. Define natural selection, adaptive behavior, evolutionary psychology.

83-92. GENETIC FOUNDATIONS

84. chromosomes–What are they? What do they look like? Where are they found?

How many do we have? Where do they come from?

What percent of each offspring's heredity is contributed by each parent?

DNA–deoxyribonucleic acid–What is it? How does it look?

genes–What are they? Where are they located?

85. Mitosis and Meiosis

gametes – Male gametes are ___________. Female gametes are ___________. Define zygote.

86. Sex chromosomes are labeled X or Y. Each person ordinarily has two types of sex chromosomes.

Which kind do females have? Males?

On page 86 of your text is figure 3.4. The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females.

This shows two charts, each called a Karyotype. Please write that word by your charts.

The chart on the left shows the chromosomal structure of a male.

Notice the XY sex chromosomes in the lower right box–the 23^rd pair.

The chart on the right shows the chromosomal structure of a female.

Notice the XX sex chromosomes– the 23^rd pair. Know which is which.

genotype, phenotype.

dominant-recessive genes principle. Describe how dominant genes & recessive genes determine some of our physical characteristics such as eye color. Since genes for brown eyes are dominant over genes for blue eyes, how can brown-eyed parents have a blue-eyed child?

88-92. CHROMOSOME & GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES

Chromosomal abnormalities, chart, page 89

Down Syndrome–What is it? What causes it? Describe the characteristics of a person who has it.

Know the risk of conceiving a child with Down syndrome, according to the mother's age.

Age in 20's – risk is 1 in 1,250; age 35–1 in 365; age 40–1 in 110; age 45–1 in 35; age 50–1 in 10.

Risk is higher if mother is under 18 or over 35, &/or if father is over 55.

Other disorders associated with sex-linked chromosome abnormalities:

89-92. Study figure 3.7 and other information about Gene-linked abnormalities:

Tay-Sachs disease. PKU–phenylketonuria–What is it? How is it treated?

[In the classroom we will also study four neural tube defects:

anencephaly, spina bifida, hydrocephalus or hydrocephaly, microencephaly

If you are in a web class, please research these on the internet.

What nutrient can help prevent neural tube defects?]

91-2. Genetic Counseling–Compile information from videos and text about this subject.

Who needs it? Why? When? What do genetic counselors do?

92-7. REPRODUCTIVE CHALLENGES AND CHOICES

93. Prenatal Diagnostic Tests (to determine whether a fetus is developing normally)

For each type of test know – What is it? When can it be done? How and why is it done?

maternal blood test (alpha-fetoprotein–AFP), or triple screen

93-5. Define Infertility. Know causes and treatment of Infertility

in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm donor insemination, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT),

30% of pregnancies achieved by fertility treatments now result in multiple births. The hormone treatments of the female cause superovulation. This is where the woman’s ovaries are stimulated to produce and release several mature eggs during ovulation instead of one or two. These are retrieved and fertilized in the laboratory, then the embryos are inserted into the woman’s uterus (in the case of IVF),

or in the fallopian tube (in the case of ZIFT)

95. Figure 3.12 Fertility Problems and Solutions.

Discuss pros and cons of adoption.

98. NatureNurture/ Heredity-Environment Interaction

Know differences between identical (monozygotic) twins & fraternal (dizygotic) twins.

Describe the current understanding of the influence of heredity & environment on children's development, including intelligence. Discuss conclusions about nature-nurture, or heredity-environment interaction.

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108-9. conception, sperm, one egg is an ovum, two or more eggs are ova, fallopian tube, fertilization, zygote, germinal period, blastocyst, trophoblast, implantation

109-10. embryonic period–when does it begin and when does it end? What happens?

109. Study Figure 4.1, Significant Developments in the Germinal Period very carefully.

Know the names of the parts of the female reproductive system and where each development occurs

(especially fertilization)

111. fetal period–when does it begin? When does it end? What happens?

113-21. EXPECTANT PARENTS–Know early signs and symptoms of pregnancy. What hormone is detected during a pregnancy test? How long is a full-term pregnancy and how is the due date calculated? What is the size of the average American baby?

112-16. figure 4.3 The Three Trimesters and Preparation for the Baby’s Birth–What is a trimester?

Be aware of what basically occurs during each of the three trimesters – for the developing baby, the mother, and the father (both physically and psychologically)..

115. Prenatal Care and Classes – List topics covered.

Define fundus, colostrum. List signs that labor may be beginning. (preparation for the baby’s birth)

Define Braxton Hicks contractions.

116-8. The Expectant Mother’s Nutrition, Weight Gain, and Exercise

Which nutrients should pregnant women increase in their diets?

What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a girl or woman who is at a normal weight when she gets pregnant?

What are the guidelines for exercise during pregnancy?

Prenatal Care – What is included? What are some barriers that may keep some girls/women from seeking prenatal care?

118. Be aware that there is a wide variety of cultural beliefs about pregnancy around our country and the world.

121-30. POTENTIAL HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

How early can events in the mother’s life cause deformities or mental retardation?

Define teratogen and teratology. Why is it difficult to determine which teratogen causes which birth defect? Explain the influence of dose, time of exposure, and genetic susceptibility in regards to teratogens.

When is the probability of a structural defect usually the greatest?

123. Pay very close attention to Figure 4.7 Teratogens and the Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development. Understand that many major structural abnormalities can occur if the embryo is exposed to teratogens during the embryonic period, or the time of organogenesis.

This damage can occur before many mothers even know they are pregnant.

122-30. List at least 15 teratogens. Include specific prescription and nonprescription drugs,

psychoactive drugs. See figure 4.9 on p. 127, Drug Use During Pregnancy.

Caffeine–Why should pregnant women have little or none during pregnancy?

[ Pay special attention to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS – definition, causes, abnormalities caused.

What is the U.S. Surgeon General’s recommendation concerning alcohol consumption during pregnancy?]

Nicotine – Describe damage caused by maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Illegal drugs – cocaine, marijuana, heroin – damage done by each.

126-7. Know the many environmental hazards listed here. [Studies show that working at a computer monitor does not increase miscarriage risk.] [A pregnant girl/woman should avoid prolonged exposure to heat through saunas, hot tubs, tanning beds, over-exercise, etc., because it raises the mother’s body temperature, creating a fever that endangers the fetus. The high temperature of a fever may interfere with cell division and may cause birth defects or even fetal death if the fever occurs repeatedly for prolonged periods of time.]

127-8. List and describe teratogenic MATERNAL factors – diseases and conditions -- and tell what kind of damage they cause. This list includes rubella, syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) or HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) Tell three ways a mother with AIDS can infect her offspring.

Explain the incompatibility of blood types – how the Rh factor in the blood of the mother and the father can affect the fetus. What vaccine is given, and when, to prevent damage to fetuses? Other treatments?

129 Discuss the importance of good nutrition. What are the results of poor nutrition? folic acid.

How does the mother’s age (maternal age) affect the unborn child?

Note how the risk of conceiving a child with Down syndrome increases with age?

List PATERNAL factors (things the father is or does) that can affect the unborn child.

130. Explain scientifically how emotional states and stress can affect pregnant women and their babies?